CCTV Camera System

With increasing competitiveness in various sectors, many companies realize the need to protect not only their own data, but also human resources. The closed-circuit television (CCTV) and surveillance systems are becoming increasingly common in office buildings, in outdoor environments, schools and even in city streets.

CCTV is becoming an essential component of the methods of access control, along with systems based on biometrics and security and access tracking.

Traditional CCTV systems require separate infrastructure based on coaxial cable. This media is designed for video transmission of point-to-point from a camera to a recorder placed on the same site. The development of digital video has allowed progression to the copper pair cables and fiber optics. These flows of images are stored digitally on a server or other computer rather than on video tape, eliminating the problems relating to magnetic media. The growing influence of the IT industry to direct the efforts of the producers of cameras, the suppliers of storage media and chip designers to solutions like full motion video on a variety of platforms.

This new generation IP allows the transmission of video signals into components with IP address, with transmission flows combined voice / video. These data can be stored rather than displayed in real time. This article deals with the principles and evolution of these technologies by focusing on the latest technologies of digital video over IP with important information related to infrastructure requirements and bases for implementation. The structured cabling system Siemon 10G ip can support not only the network traffic but also what kind of video, since this infrastructure with the highest performance on the market today.

The development of CCTV technology

Analog CCTV systems on coaxial cable and fiber optic.

The origins of the CCTV back to the ’50s. The developments made in the ’70s, particularly the registration systems and analog cameras, solid-state transformed the surveillance by pure concept for practical applications. As shown in Figure 1, the traditional systems used a 75 Ohm coaxial cable. On this cabling was possible to link multiple cameras to a central multiplexer which fed more VCRs in a central control room. It was possible to view images through multiple monitors, rather than one monitor connected to a switch to toggle to the desired camera or still video monitor that showed greater signals in separate windows.

The disadvantages of this solution were made mainly by the cost of viewing station through the monitor. The centralized solutions also serve as a point of fragility of the system. All the video signal and control cables will come to this center, the movement of a camera often became necessary to lay a new cable. The libraries of tapes were bulky and subject to interference problems typical of magnetic media and these systems could not therefore provide full functionality for which they were designed.

Part of the system was also the human factor, given the need for manual replacement of the tapes, the visual inspection of the recorded sessions, etc.. In this environment it was sometimes used also fiber, where the distances would have required the use of signal repeaters or where the interference is serious.

CCTV analog transmission over UTP structured cabling systems

With the advent of television cameras and twisted pair ‘was possible to realize a second generation system. The cameras with IP address can send signals over the existing infrastructure within a building. These systems exploit the benefits of this infrastructure in pairs of copper.

That system may still require expensive tape libraries and monitors, yet the costs of the central monitoring station are reduced. While retaining the central point of fragility at the video room, all movements, changes and expansions become easier since the cameras can be placed anywhere with an outlet. Wiring converges to a multiplexer that supports the popular RJ45 connector. The cameras feature classic coaxial connector can be converted with the use of an adapter coaxial (unbalanced) in pairs (balanced).
The dawn of the digital

The digital video recorders (DVR) were then introduced to respond to the numerous limitations of tape media. The digital video is recorded as files on hard disks of PCs, allowing redundancy, decentralized vision, better image quality and higher life expectancy of records. Digital broadcasts can be stored without human intervention, with greater duration of registration, use of compression algorithms and the ability to view virtually everywhere immediate safety rules allow.

A typical DVR can multiplex 16 channels analog recording and playback. This represents a significant reduction in costs compared to previous methods with an equally significant increase in functionality. With open standards, IP cameras can be simply integrated into the safety net as they were a PC. Storage has seen a significant drop in prices with the birth of the solutions of type NAS (Network Attached Storage) and SAN (Storage Area Network), thereby leading to further evolution of CCTV systems.

Digital video over IP

The approach allows plug and play IP cameras to be placed anywhere in the infrastructure. The electronics that manages IP traffic thus becomes an integral part of the monitoring system. Since the storage in digital form video, it becomes possible to display anywhere in your network with new levels of security, given the possibility of management according to the typical parameters of the network. It can also be a contemporary view from several points of the network solution easy to deploy and extremely versatile. The networks are not overloaded by a new protocol with native transmissions over the existing infrastructure and eliminating the need, a separate cabling.

Using TCP / IP, the de facto standard for networking, open architecture allows the sharing of the network by multiple systems, taking advantage of new technology to improve capacity, reliability, scalability and accessibility of resources network. Using a single cabling infrastructure, a building can become totally automated, including not only systems of CCTV, but also the access control systems, fire control and security, building automation, voice services and, course, the network traffic. Network administrators and users are no longer tied to a desk for the control and / or management of such systems, activities from any workstation on the network. This also applies to security personnel. The only point of weakness is now to be the camera, it is possible to deploy on multiple servers distributed or redundant control center.

IP-based CCTV systems

A typical IP-based CCTV system can see the great diversity than the two earlier systems with IP cameras, IP video servers and IP keypads located anywhere on the network. These common features can control PTZ (Pan, Tilt, Zoom) camera, the management functions are incorporated in broadcasts, including DSP (Digital Signal Processing), alarm management, recording, storing and searching, programming and automation. These functions use the SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and other control frames, all provided in the standard IP.

These CCTV cameras can be equipped with advanced features like motion sensors, automatic PTZ and, where required, analog video outputs. The latest versions are equipped with internal DVR, DVR with replica on centralized servers. Research by J.P. Freeman and Frost and Sullivan for 2005 envisages that the turnover for these devices reach $ 1.6 billion.

The ability to transmit power through the infrastructure is a further advantage for the system, allowing easy changes, shifts and additions to the initial setup, since it does not become longer need to carry power wiring in parallel.

Video compression standard

High-resolution digital images require bandwidth for the transmission and disk space for storage. Old technologies and infrastructures have significant problems in this regard, both in intranet and on the Internet. Compression algorithms were developed to ensure high transmission quality with a narrow band, with an obvious compromise between frame rate and image quality. Best known methods of compression are known as JPEG, JPEG2000, MPEG-1, 2, 4, Wavelet and H.261/H.263.

JPEG and MPEG are ISO / IEC standard developed for video transmission of high quality, first for static images, the second for moving images, Wavelet-Like Motion-JPEG and ‘a process of combining static and dynamic images, while the standard H.261 and H.263 have been developed for videoconferencing systems, but still not allowing high-quality moving objects.

When it comes to CCTV and networking solutions, a message is always present: the use of bandwidth and rising. Thanks to an increased availability of bandwidth, the compression would appear to be critical converged applications such as video and CCTV is a factor of major impact on network infrastructure, characterized by outdated or non-standard. Just a couple of years ago, it seemed possible to remotely control their home rather than make a video on demand: a reality today, these technologies are available, and in the future it will be projects at present only in embryo.

This system installed today, will integrate easily with the MAN and the WAN without the need for realignment with the active equipment to the next generation. This ensures that the investment in network infrastructure is protected and secure.

Systems based on IP, including servers, equipment; CCTV systems are assessed based on credit, scalability and life cycle expected. This system of wiring and was designed based on the same principles in order to provide a significant return on investment. It present in all the international standards committee to ensure that the development of wiring goes hand in hand with the electronics.

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